Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) provide a proven set of strategies for addressing
the challenges of assuring safety and reducing congestion, while accommodating the
growth in transit ridership and freight movement. ITS improve transportation safety and
mobility, and enhance productivity through the use of advanced communications, sensors,
and information processing technologies encompassing a broad range of wireless and
wireline communications-based information and electronics. When integrated into the
transportation system’s infrastructure, and into vehicles themselves, these technologies
relieve congestion, improve safety, and enhance American productivity.
This report presents information on the performance of deployed ITS, as well as information
on the costs, deployment levels, and lessons learned regarding ITS deployment and
operations. The report, and the collection of four Web-based resources upon which it is
based, have been developed by the U.S. DOT’s ITS Joint Program Office (JPO) to support
informed decision making regarding ITS deployment.
To support the deployment of ITS and to address the challenges facing the U.S. transportation
system, the JPO has developed a suite of knowledge resources. This collection
of Web-based resources provides ready access to information supporting informed
decision making regarding deployment and operation of ITS to improve transportation
system performance. Information presented in these online knowledge resources is
the basis for this document. The four knowledge resources are the ITS Benefits Database
(www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov), ITS Costs Database (www.itscosts.its.dot.gov), ITS Deployment
Statistics Database (www.itsdeployment.its.dot.gov), and the ITS Lessons Learned Knowledge
Resource (www.itslessons.its.dot.gov).
This report discusses 17 different areas of ITS application. These chapters are divided into
two sections discussing technologies deployed on the transportation infrastructure and
those deployed within vehicles. The 14 different infrastructure applications discussed can
be grouped into ITS strategies applied to roadways, transit, management and operations
of transportation systems, and freight movement. Lessons learned during ITS planning,
implementation, and deployment, highlighted throughout the report, are discussed in a
chapter following the review of ITS applications and summarized at the conclusion of this
executive summary.
Intelligent Infrastructure
Roadways
Roadway applications of ITS include strategies applied to arterial roadways, freeways,
crash prevention and safety, road weather management, and roadway operations and
maintenance.
Arterial Management
Studies demonstrate the ability of traffic control ITS applications to enhance mobility,
increase efficiency of the transportation systems, and reduce the impact of automobile
travel on energy consumption and air quality. The ability of both adaptive signal control
and coordinated signal timing to smooth traffic can lead to corresponding safety improvements
through reduced rear-end crashes. Optimizing signal timing is considered a lowcost
approach to reducing congestion. Based on data from six separate studies, the costs
range from $2,500 to $3,100 per signal per update.1 Based on a series of surveys of arterial
management agencies in 78 of the largest U.S. metropolitan areas, half of traffic signals in
these metropolitan areas were under centralized control through closed-loop or computer
control in 2006.
Freeway Management
There are numerous ITS strategies to improve freeway operations. Metropolitan areas that
deploy ITS infrastructure including dynamic message signs (DMS) to manage freeway and
arterial traffic, and integrate traveler information with incident management systems can
increase peak period freeway speeds by 8 to 13 percent,2 improve travel time, and according
to simulation studies, reduce crash rates and improve trip time reliability with delay
reductions ranging from 1 to 22 percent.3 In Minneapolis-St. Paul, the benefit-to-cost ratio
for a ramp metering system was estimated at 15:1.4
The Florida DOT (FDOT) deployed 31 DMS in Broward County including associated structures,
foundations, controllers, cabinets, and installation, plus approximately 37 miles of
in-ground fiber optic communications at a cost of $11 million. Annual operating costs were
estimated at $22,320 and annual maintenance costs were estimated at $620,000. FDOT
coordinates with other agencies to verify incident and congestion locations and then posts
traveler information on the DMS along effected routes.5
Ramp meters now manage access to 13 percent of freeway miles in the country’s 78 largest
metropolitan areas, up from 9 percent in 2000. As of 2006, surveillance—consisting of
loop detectors, radar detectors and acoustic detectors—is used to collect data on traffic
conditions on 45 percent of freeway miles in the country’s 78 largest metropolitan areas,
up from 22 percent in 2000.
Crash Prevention and Safety
Road geometry warning systems can improve safety on highway ramps or curves that experience
a high incidence of truck rollovers. Downhill speed warning systems have decreased
truck crashes by up to 13 percent at problem sites in Oregon and Colorado.6 As part of an
evaluation of automated truck rollover warning systems, the Pennsylvania DOT researched
systems in other states. The cost of these systems varied significantly, ranging from $50,000
to $500,000, as did their configurations: invasive and non-invasive detection, weight-based
versus simplified speed class algorithms, and system calibrations for warnings.7 The three
most widely adopted systems are curve and ramp speed, rail crossing warning systems,and pedestrian safety systems. Next in popularity, and adopted by about half as many
states, are downhill warning systems, intersection collision avoidance systems, and animal
warning systems
Road Weather Management
High-quality road weather information can benefit travelers, commercial vehicle operators,
emergency responders, and agencies who construct, operate, and maintain roadways.
Evaluation data show that 80 to 94 percent of motorists who use traveler information Web
sites think road weather information enhances their safety and prepares them for adverse
road weather.8 Studies have found that anti-icing programs can lower snow and ice control
costs by 10 to 50 percent and reduce crash rates by 7 to 83 percent.9 Nine respondents to a
fixed automated spray technology (FAST) survey indicated that cost of installations varied
greatly, $22,000 to $4 million, depending on coverage area, site location, accessibility of
existing utilities, system functionality and features, and market factors. Operations and
maintenance (O&M) costs of FAST systems are relatively low compared to the installation
costs.10 State DOTs disseminate weather warnings to public traveler information agencies
in 26 states, traffic management agencies in 22 states, and incident management agencies
in 21 states.
Roadway Operations and Maintenance
ITS technologies deployed for roadway operations and maintenance activities can have
system-wide impacts. Network simulation models estimate that smart work zones can
reduce total delay by 41 to 75 percent.11 In addition to improving mobility, work zone ITS can
improve safety. Evaluation data show that areas equipped with speed monitoring displays
can decrease vehicle speeds by 4 to 6 mi/h,12 and reduce the number of speeding vehicles
by 25 to 78 percent.13 Work zone ITS deployment costs ranged from $100,000 to $2.5 million
with the majority of systems ranging from $150,000 to $500,000.14
Transit
Several applications of ITS for transit management have been deployed.
Transit Management
Fleet management applications, including automatic vehicle location (AVL) and computeraided
dispatch (CAD) systems, can improve both the experience of transit riders and
the efficiency of transit operations by enabling more efficient planning, scheduling, and
management of transit assets and resources. Transit agencies have reported reductions
in fleet requirements ranging from two to five percent as a result of improved fleet utilization.
15 Data from transit systems in Portland, Oregon; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Baltimore,
Maryland show that AVL/CAD systems have improved schedule adherence by 9 to
23 percent.16
Mobile data terminals (MDTs) are an important component of transit fleet management
systems. MDTs are multifunctional on-board devices that support two-way communication
between the vehicle and the control center. Capital costs for MDTs typically range
between $1,000 and $4,000 per unit with installation costs frequently between $500 and
$1,000.17
The use of AVL on fixed-route buses has expanded rapidly during this period, growing from
32 percent in 2000 to almost 60 percent in 2006............................................................................
the challenges of assuring safety and reducing congestion, while accommodating the
growth in transit ridership and freight movement. ITS improve transportation safety and
mobility, and enhance productivity through the use of advanced communications, sensors,
and information processing technologies encompassing a broad range of wireless and
wireline communications-based information and electronics. When integrated into the
transportation system’s infrastructure, and into vehicles themselves, these technologies
relieve congestion, improve safety, and enhance American productivity.
This report presents information on the performance of deployed ITS, as well as information
on the costs, deployment levels, and lessons learned regarding ITS deployment and
operations. The report, and the collection of four Web-based resources upon which it is
based, have been developed by the U.S. DOT’s ITS Joint Program Office (JPO) to support
informed decision making regarding ITS deployment.
To support the deployment of ITS and to address the challenges facing the U.S. transportation
system, the JPO has developed a suite of knowledge resources. This collection
of Web-based resources provides ready access to information supporting informed
decision making regarding deployment and operation of ITS to improve transportation
system performance. Information presented in these online knowledge resources is
the basis for this document. The four knowledge resources are the ITS Benefits Database
(www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov), ITS Costs Database (www.itscosts.its.dot.gov), ITS Deployment
Statistics Database (www.itsdeployment.its.dot.gov), and the ITS Lessons Learned Knowledge
Resource (www.itslessons.its.dot.gov).
This report discusses 17 different areas of ITS application. These chapters are divided into
two sections discussing technologies deployed on the transportation infrastructure and
those deployed within vehicles. The 14 different infrastructure applications discussed can
be grouped into ITS strategies applied to roadways, transit, management and operations
of transportation systems, and freight movement. Lessons learned during ITS planning,
implementation, and deployment, highlighted throughout the report, are discussed in a
chapter following the review of ITS applications and summarized at the conclusion of this
executive summary.
Intelligent Infrastructure
Roadways
Roadway applications of ITS include strategies applied to arterial roadways, freeways,
crash prevention and safety, road weather management, and roadway operations and
maintenance.
Arterial Management
Studies demonstrate the ability of traffic control ITS applications to enhance mobility,
increase efficiency of the transportation systems, and reduce the impact of automobile
travel on energy consumption and air quality. The ability of both adaptive signal control
and coordinated signal timing to smooth traffic can lead to corresponding safety improvements
through reduced rear-end crashes. Optimizing signal timing is considered a lowcost
approach to reducing congestion. Based on data from six separate studies, the costs
range from $2,500 to $3,100 per signal per update.1 Based on a series of surveys of arterial
management agencies in 78 of the largest U.S. metropolitan areas, half of traffic signals in
these metropolitan areas were under centralized control through closed-loop or computer
control in 2006.
Freeway Management
There are numerous ITS strategies to improve freeway operations. Metropolitan areas that
deploy ITS infrastructure including dynamic message signs (DMS) to manage freeway and
arterial traffic, and integrate traveler information with incident management systems can
increase peak period freeway speeds by 8 to 13 percent,2 improve travel time, and according
to simulation studies, reduce crash rates and improve trip time reliability with delay
reductions ranging from 1 to 22 percent.3 In Minneapolis-St. Paul, the benefit-to-cost ratio
for a ramp metering system was estimated at 15:1.4
The Florida DOT (FDOT) deployed 31 DMS in Broward County including associated structures,
foundations, controllers, cabinets, and installation, plus approximately 37 miles of
in-ground fiber optic communications at a cost of $11 million. Annual operating costs were
estimated at $22,320 and annual maintenance costs were estimated at $620,000. FDOT
coordinates with other agencies to verify incident and congestion locations and then posts
traveler information on the DMS along effected routes.5
Ramp meters now manage access to 13 percent of freeway miles in the country’s 78 largest
metropolitan areas, up from 9 percent in 2000. As of 2006, surveillance—consisting of
loop detectors, radar detectors and acoustic detectors—is used to collect data on traffic
conditions on 45 percent of freeway miles in the country’s 78 largest metropolitan areas,
up from 22 percent in 2000.
Crash Prevention and Safety
Road geometry warning systems can improve safety on highway ramps or curves that experience
a high incidence of truck rollovers. Downhill speed warning systems have decreased
truck crashes by up to 13 percent at problem sites in Oregon and Colorado.6 As part of an
evaluation of automated truck rollover warning systems, the Pennsylvania DOT researched
systems in other states. The cost of these systems varied significantly, ranging from $50,000
to $500,000, as did their configurations: invasive and non-invasive detection, weight-based
versus simplified speed class algorithms, and system calibrations for warnings.7 The three
most widely adopted systems are curve and ramp speed, rail crossing warning systems,and pedestrian safety systems. Next in popularity, and adopted by about half as many
states, are downhill warning systems, intersection collision avoidance systems, and animal
warning systems
Road Weather Management
High-quality road weather information can benefit travelers, commercial vehicle operators,
emergency responders, and agencies who construct, operate, and maintain roadways.
Evaluation data show that 80 to 94 percent of motorists who use traveler information Web
sites think road weather information enhances their safety and prepares them for adverse
road weather.8 Studies have found that anti-icing programs can lower snow and ice control
costs by 10 to 50 percent and reduce crash rates by 7 to 83 percent.9 Nine respondents to a
fixed automated spray technology (FAST) survey indicated that cost of installations varied
greatly, $22,000 to $4 million, depending on coverage area, site location, accessibility of
existing utilities, system functionality and features, and market factors. Operations and
maintenance (O&M) costs of FAST systems are relatively low compared to the installation
costs.10 State DOTs disseminate weather warnings to public traveler information agencies
in 26 states, traffic management agencies in 22 states, and incident management agencies
in 21 states.
Roadway Operations and Maintenance
ITS technologies deployed for roadway operations and maintenance activities can have
system-wide impacts. Network simulation models estimate that smart work zones can
reduce total delay by 41 to 75 percent.11 In addition to improving mobility, work zone ITS can
improve safety. Evaluation data show that areas equipped with speed monitoring displays
can decrease vehicle speeds by 4 to 6 mi/h,12 and reduce the number of speeding vehicles
by 25 to 78 percent.13 Work zone ITS deployment costs ranged from $100,000 to $2.5 million
with the majority of systems ranging from $150,000 to $500,000.14
Transit
Several applications of ITS for transit management have been deployed.
Transit Management
Fleet management applications, including automatic vehicle location (AVL) and computeraided
dispatch (CAD) systems, can improve both the experience of transit riders and
the efficiency of transit operations by enabling more efficient planning, scheduling, and
management of transit assets and resources. Transit agencies have reported reductions
in fleet requirements ranging from two to five percent as a result of improved fleet utilization.
15 Data from transit systems in Portland, Oregon; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Baltimore,
Maryland show that AVL/CAD systems have improved schedule adherence by 9 to
23 percent.16
Mobile data terminals (MDTs) are an important component of transit fleet management
systems. MDTs are multifunctional on-board devices that support two-way communication
between the vehicle and the control center. Capital costs for MDTs typically range
between $1,000 and $4,000 per unit with installation costs frequently between $500 and
$1,000.17
The use of AVL on fixed-route buses has expanded rapidly during this period, growing from
32 percent in 2000 to almost 60 percent in 2006............................................................................
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